Plantain bananas growing manual, from planting to harvesting

Plantain bananas are a type of banana that is primarily used for cooking rather than eating raw. They are larger and longer than regular bananas, with thicker skin, and contain higher levels of starch and lower levels of sugar.

Plantain farming in Kenya is relatively new but rapidly growing due to increasing demand. The crop is mostly grown in the coastal regions, but farmers in areas like Kiambu, kisumu, meru, busia, kakamega, kajiado and Kericho are also cultivating it. Plantains thrive in full sun and nutrient-rich soils, but they don’t do well in very cold areas.

Plantain bananas are versatile in the kitchen and can be fried, roasted, sautéed, baked, or boiled. They are a staple food in many Kenyan households and are gaining popularity due to their nutritional benefits and culinary flexibility

VARIETIES OF BPLAINTAIN BANANAS

There are several varieties of plantain bananas grown in Kenya, each with unique characteristics. Here are a few notable ones:

1. Mkono Tembo: This variety is grown in the coastal region of Kenya. It has a bunch weight of about 43 kg and produces long banana fingers, averaging 25.9 cm in length and 13 cm in thicknes. It thrives in altitudes ranging from 0 to 1,700 meters above sea level and requires well-drained, deep soils with a pH of 5-6.5.
2. Kampala Banana: Also grown in the coastal region, this variety has shorter banana fingers, averaging 20 cm in length and 14 cm in thickness. It is adapted to similar altitudes and soil conditions as the Mkono Tembo. The Kampala Banana is also used for roasting.
3. Bokoboko: This variety is known for its adaptability to various agro-ecological zones. It has a bunch weight of around 59 kg and produces relatively short banana fingers. Like the other varieties, it requires well-drained, deep soils with a pH of 5-6.5.

CONDITIONS REQUIRED WHEN GROWING PLAINTAINS

Growing plantains requires certain environmental conditions to ensure healthy growth and high yields. Here are the key conditions needed for successful plantain cultivation:

1. Climate:
   • Temperature: Plantains thrive in warm, tropical climates with temperatures ranging between 26°C and 30°C (79°F to 86°F). They do not tolerate frost or extreme cold.
   • Rainfall: Plantains need consistent rainfall of about 1,000 to 2,000 mm per year, well-distributed throughout the year. In areas with less rainfall, supplementary irrigation is necessary.
2. Altitude:
   • Plantains grow best at altitudes ranging from sea level up to 1,800 meters above sea level. However, they perform optimally at lower altitudes.
3. Soil:
   • Type: Plantains prefer well-drained, loamy soils that are rich in organic matter.
   • pH: The ideal soil pH for plantain cultivation is between 5.5 and 6.5. Avoid very acidic or alkaline soils.
   • Nutrient Content: Ensure the soil has adequate levels of essential nutrients, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Soil testing can help determine nutrient deficiencies.
4. Sunlight:
   • Plantains require full sun exposure for optimal growth. Ensure the plantation is not shaded by taller trees or buildings.
5. Spacing:
   • Proper spacing between plants (about 3 meters apart) ensures adequate air circulation and reduces the risk of disease spread.
6. Water Management:
   • Consistent and adequate water supply is crucial, especially during the dry season. Drip irrigation systems can help maintain soil moisture levels.
7. Wind Protection:
   • Plantains are susceptible to wind damage due to their large leaves and tall pseudostems. Plant windbreaks or shelterbelts to protect the plantation from strong winds.
8. Weed Control:
   • Regular weeding is essential to reduce competition for nutrients and water. Mulching can also help suppress weed growth and retain soil moisture

PLANTING PROCEDURE

Planting plantain bananas involves several steps to ensure healthy growth and high yields. Here’s a step-by-step guide:

1. Site Selection: Choose a location with well-drained, deep soils and full sun exposure. Avoid frost-prone areas.
2. Field Preparation: Clear the land of weeds and debris. Plow and harrow the soil to a fine tilth.
3. Hole Preparation: Dig planting holes that are at least 60 cm wide and 60 cm deep. This allows space for manure and irrigation.
4. Manure and Fertilizer: Mix well-decomposed manure or compost with the soil in the planting holes. You can also add a balanced fertilizer to provide essential nutrients.
5. Planting Suckers: Obtain healthy suckers from a mature mother plant. Plant the suckers immediately after field preparation, during the rainy season. Ensure the corm is covered with soil.
6. Spacing: Plant the suckers in rows, with a spacing of 3 meters between rows and 3 meters between plants. For large-scale farms, an inter-row spacing of 5 meters is recommended
7. Irrigation: Water the plants regularly, especially during the first three to four months after planting. Avoid planting during the last months of the rainy season to prevent water stress.
8. Mulching: Apply mulch around the base of the plants to conserve moisture, suppress weeds, and provide nutrients as it decomposes.
9. Weed Control: Regularly weed the plantation to reduce competition for nutrients and water.
10. Pest and Disease Management: Monitor the plants for pests and diseases. Use appropriate control measures, such as organic pesticides or resistant varieties.
11. Harvesting: Plantains are typically harvested in batches. The first batch can be harvested 9 to 12 months after planting, with subsequent batches every few weeks until the end of the season.

PEST AND DISEASES AFFECTING PLAINTAINS AND THEIR CONTROL

HOW ARE PLAINTAINS CONSUMED

Plantains are incredibly versatile and can be prepared in various ways depending on their ripeness. Here are some common methods of consuming plantains:

1. Green Plantains (Unripe):
   • Boiling: Green plantains can be boiled and served as a side dish, often accompanied by stews or sauces.
   • Frying: They can be sliced and deep-fried to make crispy plantain chips, commonly known as “crisps”.
   • Roasting: They can be roasted over an open flame or in an oven until tender.
2. Yellow Plantains (Ripe but Firm):
   • Frying: These can be sliced and fried to make “tostones” or “patacones”, which are twice-fried plantain slices.
   • Baking: Plantains can be baked with spices and sugar, making a delicious snack or dessert.
   • Steaming: Steamed plantains can be mashed and used as a base for various dishes.
3. Black Plantains (Fully Ripe):
4.  
   • Frying: Fully ripe plantains can be fried to make “sweet plantains” or “plátanos maduros”. They have a sweet, caramelized flavor.
   • Grilling: Grilled ripe plantains make a delightful and sweet treat.
   • 5. Plantain Flour:
     • Plantains can be dried and ground into flour, which can then be used to make pancakes, bread, or as a thickening agent in soups and stews.
     • 6. Plantain Fufu:
       • In some regions, plantains are boiled and pounded into a dough-like consistency to make “fufu”, which is served with soups or stews.

         7 Plantain Porridge:

         • Boiled plantains can be mashed and cooked with milk, sugar, and spices to create a hearty porridge

          

CHALLENGES IN PLAINTAINS FARMING

Plantain farming, like any agricultural endeavor, comes with its own set of challenges. Here are some common ones:

1. Poor Quality Suckers: Using poor quality or diseased suckers can reduce yield and introduce diseases to the farm. It’s important to use healthy, disease-free suckers, preferably from tissue culture.
2. Soil Fertility: Plantains require nutrient-rich soil to thrive. Poor soil fertility can lead to stunted growth and lower yields.  Conducting soil tests and applying appropriate fertilizers can help address this issue.
3. Water Management: Plantains need consistent moisture, especially during the early stages of growth. Inadequate water supply can significantly impact yield.  Implementing irrigation systems like drip irrigation can help maintain optimal moisture levels.
4. Pest and Disease Management: Plantains are susceptible to various pests and diseases, such as banana weevils, nematodes, thrips, Panama disease, cigar end rot, and black sigatoka. Proper pest and disease management, including the use of resistant varieties and appropriate pesticides, is crucial.
5. Weed Control: Weeds can compete with plantains for nutrients and water, reducing yield. Regular weeding, mulching, and the use of herbicides can help manage weeds.
6. Overuse of Fertilizers: While fertilizers are essential, overuse can lead to nutrient imbalances and make plants more susceptible to diseases and pests. It’s important to use fertilizers judiciously and follow recommended guidelines.
7. Poor Infrastructure: Bad road networks and high transportation costs can make it difficult to get plantains to market, affecting profitability. Improving infrastructure and finding efficient transportation methods can help mitigate this challenge.
8. Lack of Knowledge and Training: Many farmers may lack the necessary knowledge and skills for optimal plantain farming. Providing training and extension services can help improve farming practices and increase yields.
9. Storage Issues: Proper storage is essential to prevent post-harvest losses. Investing in good storage facilities can help maintain the quality of harvested plantains.
10. Government Policies: Sometimes, government policies and regulations can pose challenges for plantain farmers. Staying informed about relevant policies and advocating for farmer-friendly regulations can help address this issue.

FUTURE PROSPECTS OF PLAINTAINS BANANAS FARMING

The future prospects for plantain farming look promising, with several opportunities for growth and development. Here are some key points:

1. Increasing Demand: The global demand for plantains is rising due to the growing popularity of ethnic cuisines and the expanding diaspora from plantain-consuming countries. This trend is expected to continue, driving higher consumption and demand.
2. Value Addition: There is significant potential for value-added products such as plantain chips, flour, and frozen dishes. These products can command higher prices and open new markets, both domestically and internationally.
3. Export Opportunities: Countries like Uganda, Colombia, and Nigeria are already major producers of plantains. With improved infrastructure and efficient logistics, there is potential for increased exports to international markets.
4. Technological Advancements: Advances in agricultural technology, such as improved planting materials, pest-resistant varieties, and efficient irrigation systems, can enhance productivity and reduce losses.
5. Sustainable Practices: There is a growing emphasis on sustainable farming practices, which can improve soil health, reduce environmental impact, and increase long-term yields.
6. Government Support: Policies and programs that support plantain farmers, such as subsidies, training, and access to credit, can help boost production and profitability.
7. Market Information Systems: Efficient market information systems can help farmers make informed decisions about planting, harvesting, and selling their produce, leading to better market access and higher profits.